:root {
  --knu-blue: #2450a4;
  --knu-blue-dark: #173d84;
  --knu-orange: #f15a29;
  --ink: #171717;
  --muted: #666d76;
  --line: #e6e8eb;
  --soft: #f7f8fa;
  --white: #fff;
  --max: 1120px;
}

* { box-sizing: border-box; }
html { scroll-behavior: auto; }
body { margin:0; color:var(--ink); background:var(--white); font-family:Inter, Pretendard, "Noto Sans KR", -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", sans-serif; -webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased; }
a { color:inherit; text-decoration:none; }
img { max-width:100%; display:block; }
button { font:inherit; }

.site-header { position:sticky; top:0; z-index:30; background:rgba(255,255,255,.96); backdrop-filter:blur(12px); border-bottom:1px solid rgba(230,232,235,.92); }
.header-inner { width:min(var(--max), calc(100% - 44px)); height:72px; margin:0 auto; display:flex; align-items:center; justify-content:space-between; gap:28px; }
.brand { display:inline-flex; align-items:baseline; gap:7px; font-size:22px; font-weight:850; letter-spacing:-.04em; white-space:nowrap; }
.brand-di { color:var(--knu-blue); }
.brand-lab { color:var(--ink); }
.brand-sub { margin-left:4px; color:#7b828a; font-size:10px; font-weight:750; letter-spacing:.13em; text-transform:uppercase; }
.nav { display:flex; align-items:center; gap:29px; }
.nav a { position:relative; padding:26px 0 23px; color:#555d66; font-size:13px; font-weight:750; text-transform:none; }
.nav a::after { content:""; position:absolute; left:0; right:0; bottom:15px; height:2px; background:var(--knu-orange); transform:scaleX(0); transform-origin:left; transition:transform .18s ease; }
.nav a:hover, .nav a.active { color:var(--knu-blue-dark); }
.nav a:hover::after, .nav a.active::after { transform:scaleX(1); }
.menu-btn { display:none; width:40px; height:40px; border:0; background:transparent; cursor:pointer; }
.menu-btn span { display:block; width:21px; height:2px; background:var(--ink); margin:5px auto; }

.container { width:min(var(--max), calc(100% - 44px)); margin:0 auto; }
.eyebrow { display:inline-flex; align-items:center; gap:9px; color:var(--knu-blue); font-size:11px; font-weight:850; letter-spacing:.14em; text-transform:uppercase; }
.eyebrow::before { content:""; width:22px; height:2px; background:var(--knu-orange); }
.text-link { display:inline-flex; align-items:center; gap:8px; color:var(--knu-blue); font-weight:800; font-size:13px; }
.text-link span { transition:transform .18s ease; }
.text-link:hover span { transform:translateX(3px); }

.home-intro { border-bottom:1px solid var(--line); }
.home-intro-grid { min-height:400px; padding:56px 0 50px; display:grid; grid-template-columns:1.08fr .92fr; gap:68px; align-items:center; }
.home-intro h1 { margin:18px 0 0; font-size:clamp(58px, 7vw, 92px); line-height:.92; letter-spacing:-.065em; font-weight:880; }
.home-intro h1 span { color:var(--knu-blue); }
.intro-copy { padding-left:34px; border-left:1px solid var(--line); }
.intro-copy p { margin:0 0 14px; color:#525a63; font-size:15px; line-height:1.72; }
.intro-copy .lead { color:var(--ink); font-size:18px; line-height:1.6; font-weight:650; letter-spacing:-.018em; }
.keyword-line { margin-top:22px; color:var(--knu-blue-dark); font-size:12px; font-weight:800; line-height:1.8; }
.keyword-line i { padding:0 6px; color:var(--knu-orange); font-style:normal; }

.home-news { padding:56px 0 62px; background:var(--soft); }
.section-head { display:grid; grid-template-columns:1fr auto; align-items:end; gap:22px; margin-bottom:34px; }
.section-head.compact h2 { margin:9px 0 0; font-size:clamp(34px, 4vw, 50px); letter-spacing:-.05em; line-height:1; }
.news-list { border-top:1px solid #cfd4da; }
.news-item { display:grid; grid-template-columns:130px 1fr auto; gap:24px; padding:22px 0; border-bottom:1px solid #d9dee3; align-items:center; }
.news-date { color:#747c85; font-size:12px; }
.news-title { font-size:17px; font-weight:780; line-height:1.45; letter-spacing:-.02em; }
.news-title:hover { color:var(--knu-blue); }
.news-tag { padding:6px 9px; border:1px solid #cbd1d8; border-radius:999px; font-size:9px; font-weight:850; letter-spacing:.09em; color:var(--knu-blue-dark); text-transform:uppercase; }
.news-prefix { color:var(--knu-blue); font-weight:900; white-space:nowrap; }
.news-prefix.paper { color:var(--knu-orange); }
.news-prefix.general { color:#747c85; }
.news-people { display:block; margin-top:5px; color:#747c85; font-size:12px; font-weight:650; letter-spacing:-.01em; }

.home-about { padding:60px 0; border-bottom:1px solid var(--line); }
.about-compact { display:grid; grid-template-columns:.95fr 1.05fr; gap:70px; align-items:start; }
.about-compact h2 { margin:12px 0 0; max-width:520px; font-size:clamp(32px, 4vw, 50px); line-height:1.06; letter-spacing:-.05em; }
.about-compact p { margin:2px 0 0; color:var(--muted); font-size:15px; line-height:1.8; }
.contact-strip { padding:46px 0 52px; }
.contact-grid { display:grid; grid-template-columns:.95fr 1.05fr; gap:70px; align-items:start; }
.contact-grid h2 { margin:10px 0 0; font-size:24px; letter-spacing:-.035em; }
.contact-meta p { margin:0 0 14px; color:var(--muted); font-size:13px; line-height:1.75; }

.page-hero { padding:62px 0 38px; border-bottom:1px solid var(--line); background:linear-gradient(180deg,#fff 0%,#fbfbfc 100%); }
.page-title { margin:10px 0 0; font-size:clamp(44px, 6vw, 70px); line-height:1; letter-spacing:-.06em; }
.page-hero p { max-width:680px; margin:14px 0 0; color:var(--muted); line-height:1.7; font-size:14px; }
.section { padding:64px 0; }
.page-section { min-height:430px; }
.section-kicker { margin-bottom:18px; color:var(--knu-blue); font-size:12px; font-weight:850; letter-spacing:.12em; text-transform:uppercase; }

.profile { display:grid; grid-template-columns:230px 1fr; gap:50px; padding:0 0 48px; border-bottom:1px solid var(--line); }
.avatar-placeholder { aspect-ratio:4/5; background:linear-gradient(135deg, rgba(36,80,164,.13), rgba(241,90,41,.06)), var(--soft); display:grid; place-items:center; color:var(--knu-blue); font-weight:900; font-size:50px; letter-spacing:-.08em; }
.profile h2 { margin:2px 0 6px; font-size:32px; letter-spacing:-.04em; }
.name-ko { font-weight:500; font-size:.62em; color:#747b83; }
.profile-role { color:var(--knu-blue); font-weight:760; margin-bottom:22px; font-size:14px; }
.meta-grid { display:grid; grid-template-columns:110px 1fr; gap:8px 16px; font-size:13px; line-height:1.65; }
.meta-grid dt { color:var(--muted); }
.meta-grid dd { margin:0; }
.interests { display:flex; flex-wrap:wrap; gap:7px; margin-top:22px; }
.chip { background:var(--soft); border:1px solid var(--line); padding:8px 10px; font-size:11px; font-weight:750; }
.people-group { padding-top:46px; }
.people-group h3 { margin:0 0 18px; font-size:23px; letter-spacing:-.035em; }
.people-grid { display:grid; grid-template-columns:repeat(2, 1fr); gap:18px; }
.person-card { border:1px solid var(--line); padding:22px; min-height:135px; display:flex; flex-direction:column; justify-content:flex-end; }
.person-card.placeholder { background:#fbfcfd; }
.person-card strong { font-size:16px; margin-bottom:6px; }
.person-card small { color:var(--muted); line-height:1.6; }

.pub-list { border-top:1px solid #cfd5dc; }
.coming-soon { display:grid; grid-template-columns:150px 1fr; gap:28px; padding:34px 0; border-bottom:1px solid var(--line); }
.coming-year { color:var(--knu-blue); font-size:13px; font-weight:850; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:.08em; }
.coming-soon h2 { margin:0 0 8px; font-size:22px; letter-spacing:-.035em; }
.coming-soon p { margin:0; color:var(--muted); line-height:1.7; font-size:13px; }
.pub-item { display:grid; grid-template-columns:84px 1fr; gap:26px; padding:24px 0; border-bottom:1px solid var(--line); }
.pub-year { color:var(--knu-blue); font-size:20px; font-weight:850; }
.pub-item h3 { margin:0 0 8px; font-size:17px; letter-spacing:-.02em; line-height:1.45; }
.pub-item p { margin:4px 0; color:var(--muted); font-size:12px; line-height:1.65; }

.news-page-item { padding:27px 0; border-bottom:1px solid var(--line); display:grid; grid-template-columns:110px 1fr; gap:24px; }
.news-page-item:first-child { border-top:1px solid #cfd5dc; }
.news-page-item time { color:var(--muted); font-size:12px; padding-top:4px; }
.news-page-item h2 { margin:0 0 8px; font-size:19px; letter-spacing:-.025em; line-height:1.45; }
.news-page-item p { margin:0; color:var(--muted); line-height:1.7; font-size:13px; }
.news-page-item .news-members { margin:0 0 7px; color:#4f5963; font-size:12px; }
.news-page-item .news-members strong { color:var(--knu-blue-dark); }
.news-source { display:inline-block; margin-top:11px; color:var(--knu-blue); font-size:12px; font-weight:800; }
.news-source:hover { text-decoration:underline; text-underline-offset:3px; }
.news-page-item[id] { scroll-margin-top:110px; }

.site-footer { padding:40px 0; border-top:1px solid #26303a; background:#141b23; color:#dce2e8; }
.footer-grid { display:grid; grid-template-columns:1fr auto; gap:36px; align-items:end; }
.footer-brand { font-size:19px; font-weight:850; margin-bottom:10px; }
.footer-brand span { color:#71aaf3; }
.footer-copy { color:#929eaa; font-size:11px; line-height:1.75; }
.footer-links { display:flex; gap:17px; color:#aab5c0; font-size:11px; }
.footer-links a:hover { color:#fff; }

@media (max-width:860px) {
  .header-inner { width:min(100% - 32px, var(--max)); height:66px; }
  .brand-sub { display:none; }
  .menu-btn { display:block; }
  .nav { display:none; position:absolute; top:66px; left:0; right:0; background:#fff; border-bottom:1px solid var(--line); padding:8px 22px 16px; flex-direction:column; align-items:stretch; gap:0; }
  .nav.open { display:flex; }
  .nav a { padding:13px 0; }
  .nav a::after { bottom:7px; }
  .container { width:min(100% - 32px, var(--max)); }
  .home-intro-grid { min-height:auto; padding:54px 0 44px; grid-template-columns:1fr; gap:34px; }
  .home-intro h1 { font-size:clamp(52px, 15vw, 80px); }
  .intro-copy { padding:24px 0 0; border-left:0; border-top:1px solid var(--line); }
  .home-news { padding:46px 0 50px; }
  .section-head { grid-template-columns:1fr; }
  .news-item { grid-template-columns:1fr auto; gap:7px 16px; padding:19px 0; }
  .news-date { grid-column:1 / -1; }
  .about-compact, .contact-grid { grid-template-columns:1fr; gap:25px; }
  .home-about { padding:50px 0; }
  .contact-strip { padding:40px 0 44px; }
  .page-hero { padding:52px 0 32px; }
  .section { padding:52px 0; }
  .profile { grid-template-columns:1fr; gap:28px; }
  .avatar-placeholder { max-width:280px; }
  .footer-grid { grid-template-columns:1fr; }
}

@media (max-width:560px) {
  .home-intro h1 { font-size:50px; }
  .home-intro-grid { padding:46px 0 38px; }
  .intro-copy .lead { font-size:16px; }
  .news-title { font-size:15px; }
  .news-tag { display:none; }
  .page-title { font-size:44px; }
  .coming-soon, .pub-item, .news-page-item { grid-template-columns:1fr; gap:9px; }
  .meta-grid { grid-template-columns:88px 1fr; }
  .footer-links { flex-wrap:wrap; }
}

/* 2026-08 content refresh: larger header navigation and Korean profile content */
@media (min-width:861px) {
  .header-inner { height:86px; }
  .brand { font-size:28px; gap:8px; }
  .brand-sub { font-size:11px; margin-left:7px; }
  .nav { gap:36px; }
  .nav a { padding:31px 0 28px; font-size:16px; font-weight:780; letter-spacing:-.015em; }
  .nav a::after { bottom:18px; height:2px; }
}

.profile-summary { max-width:760px; margin:0 0 22px; color:var(--muted); font-size:14px; line-height:1.8; }
.about-copy p { margin:2px 0 12px; color:var(--muted); font-size:15px; line-height:1.85; }
.about-copy .about-en { color:#7b828a; font-size:13px; }
.career-group { padding-bottom:8px; }
.timeline { border-top:1px solid #cfd5dc; }
.timeline-row { display:grid; grid-template-columns:190px 1fr; gap:28px; padding:17px 0; border-bottom:1px solid var(--line); align-items:baseline; }
.timeline-row span { color:var(--muted); font-size:12px; }
.timeline-row strong { font-size:14px; line-height:1.55; }
.pub-link { display:inline-block; margin-top:7px; color:var(--knu-blue); font-size:12px; font-weight:800; }

@media (max-width:860px) {
  .brand { font-size:25px; }
  .nav a { font-size:16px; font-weight:780; }
  .timeline-row { grid-template-columns:1fr; gap:5px; }
}


/* 2026-08 layout refinement */
.contact-simple { max-width:720px; }
.contact-simple .eyebrow { margin-bottom:12px; }
.contact-simple p { margin:0 0 10px; color:var(--muted); font-size:13px; line-height:1.75; }
.contact-simple .text-link { font-size:13px; }
.pi-experience { padding-top:36px; }
body { min-height:100vh; }
main { min-height:calc(100vh - 86px); }
@media (max-width:860px) {
  main { min-height:calc(100vh - 66px); }
  .contact-simple { max-width:none; }
}

/* 2026-08-20 user-requested refinements */
.home-intro h1 .initial-blue { color:var(--knu-blue); }
.home-intro h1 .lab-black { color:var(--ink); }
.experience-inline { margin-top:30px; }
.experience-inline h3 { margin:0 0 14px; font-size:20px; letter-spacing:-.03em; }
.publication-section-spaced, .news-section-spaced { margin-top:58px; }
.pub-pending { background:linear-gradient(90deg, rgba(36,80,164,.035), transparent 70%); }
.news-section .section-kicker { margin-bottom:12px; }

@media (max-width:860px) {
  .publication-section-spaced, .news-section-spaced { margin-top:44px; }
}


/* 2026-08-20 v3: simplified subpage headers and contact map */
.page-hero-minimal { padding:50px 0 34px; background:#fff; }
.page-hero-minimal .page-title { margin-top:12px; }
.eyebrow-line-only { display:flex; width:22px; height:2px; font-size:0; line-height:0; gap:0; }
.eyebrow-line-only::before { width:22px; height:2px; }
.contact-map-grid { display:grid; grid-template-columns:.72fr 1.28fr; gap:48px; align-items:center; margin-top:14px; }
.contact-map-grid .contact-simple { max-width:none; }
.map-embed { overflow:hidden; border:1px solid var(--line); min-height:300px; background:var(--soft); }
.map-embed iframe { display:block; width:100%; height:300px; border:0; }
.news-chronological .news-page-item:first-child { border-top:1px solid #cfd5dc; }

@media (max-width:860px) {
  .page-hero-minimal { padding:42px 0 28px; }
  .contact-map-grid { grid-template-columns:1fr; gap:24px; }
  .map-embed, .map-embed iframe { min-height:260px; height:260px; }
}
@media (max-width:560px) {
  .people-grid { grid-template-columns:1fr; }
}

/* Publication author notation */
.publication-legend {
  margin: 0 0 32px;
  color: var(--muted, #666);
  font-size: 0.92rem;
  line-height: 1.7;
}
.pub-item p strong {
  color: inherit;
  font-weight: 700;
}
.pub-ack {
  margin-top: 7px !important;
  font-size: 0.86rem !important;
  line-height: 1.55 !important;
  color: var(--muted, #737373) !important;
}


/* 2026-08-20 v6: compact contact and people without portraits */
.contact-map-grid { align-items:start; margin-top:6px; }
.contact-simple { padding-top:0; }
.contact-simple p { margin-top:0; }
.profile.profile-no-photo { grid-template-columns:1fr; gap:0; }
.profile.profile-no-photo > div { max-width:900px; }
.person-card { min-height:92px; justify-content:center; }
.person-card strong { line-height:1.55; }
.person-card .name-ko { font-size:.9em; font-weight:600; color:var(--muted); margin-left:5px; }

/* Publication awards */
.pub-award {
  display:inline-block;
  margin-top:7px !important;
  color:var(--knu-orange, #f15a29) !important;
  font-weight:700;
}


/* 2026-08-20 v9: compact PI, six home news items, year-grouped publications */
.pi-compact { max-width:840px; padding:0 0 34px; border-bottom:1px solid var(--line); }
.pi-heading { margin-bottom:20px; }
.pi-heading h2 { margin:0 0 5px; font-size:28px; letter-spacing:-.04em; }
.pi-details { display:grid; grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr; gap:34px; align-items:start; }
.pi-meta { grid-template-columns:86px 1fr; gap:7px 14px; }
.pi-experience-compact h3 { margin:0 0 10px; font-size:16px; letter-spacing:-.025em; }
.compact-timeline .timeline-row { grid-template-columns:105px 1fr; gap:12px; padding:9px 0; }
.compact-timeline .timeline-row span { font-size:11px; }
.compact-timeline .timeline-row strong { font-size:12px; font-weight:700; }
.pub-year-groups { border-top:1px solid #cfd5dc; }
.pub-year-group { display:grid; grid-template-columns:84px 1fr; gap:26px; padding:0; border-bottom:1px solid var(--line); }
.pub-year-heading { margin:0; padding:24px 0; color:var(--knu-blue); font-size:20px; font-weight:850; line-height:1.2; }
.pub-list.grouped { border-top:0; }
.pub-item.grouped-item { display:block; padding:24px 0; border-bottom:1px solid var(--line); }
.pub-item.grouped-item:last-child { border-bottom:0; }
.pub-item.grouped-item h3 { margin-top:0; }
.home-news .news-list { border-bottom:1px solid var(--line); }
@media (max-width:860px) {
  .pi-compact { max-width:none; }
  .pi-details { grid-template-columns:1fr; gap:24px; }
}
@media (max-width:560px) {
  .pub-year-group { grid-template-columns:1fr; gap:0; }
  .pub-year-heading { padding:22px 0 4px; }
  .pub-item.grouped-item { padding:18px 0; }
}

/* Mobile navigation backdrop */
.menu-backdrop {
  position: fixed;
  inset: 66px 0 0;
  z-index: 20;
  background: rgba(15, 24, 35, .52);
  backdrop-filter: blur(2px);
  -webkit-backdrop-filter: blur(2px);
  opacity: 0;
  visibility: hidden;
  pointer-events: none;
  transition: opacity .2s ease, visibility .2s ease;
}

@media (max-width:860px) {
  body.menu-open {
    overflow: hidden;
  }

  body.menu-open .menu-backdrop {
    opacity: 1;
    visibility: visible;
    pointer-events: auto;
  }

  .nav {
    display: flex;
    z-index: 31;
    opacity: 0;
    visibility: hidden;
    transform: translateY(-8px);
    pointer-events: none;
    box-shadow: 0 14px 28px rgba(15, 24, 35, .12);
    transition: opacity .18s ease, transform .18s ease, visibility .18s ease;
  }

  .nav.open {
    display: flex;
    opacity: 1;
    visibility: visible;
    transform: translateY(0);
    pointer-events: auto;
  }

  .menu-btn {
    position: relative;
    z-index: 32;
  }

  .menu-btn span {
    transition: transform .2s ease, opacity .2s ease;
  }

  body.menu-open .menu-btn span:nth-child(1) {
    transform: translateY(7px) rotate(45deg);
  }

  body.menu-open .menu-btn span:nth-child(2) {
    opacity: 0;
  }

  body.menu-open .menu-btn span:nth-child(3) {
    transform: translateY(-7px) rotate(-45deg);
  }
}

@media (min-width:861px) {
  .menu-backdrop {
    display: none;
  }
}

/* 2026-08-20 v3: site-wide typography refinement */
body {
  letter-spacing: -0.006em;
  line-height: 1.6;
  text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;
}

/* Keep compact UI text crisp without feeling compressed. */
.brand {
  letter-spacing: -0.025em;
}
.brand-sub {
  letter-spacing: .10em;
}
.nav a {
  letter-spacing: 0;
}
.eyebrow {
  letter-spacing: .11em;
}
.section-kicker {
  letter-spacing: .09em;
}

/* Large headings: retain the clean visual rhythm while easing tight tracking. */
.home-intro h1 {
  letter-spacing: -0.045em;
}
.page-title {
  letter-spacing: -0.042em;
}
.section-head.compact h2,
.about-compact h2 {
  letter-spacing: -0.032em;
}
.contact-grid h2 {
  letter-spacing: -0.02em;
}
.people-group h3,
.coming-soon h2,
.experience-inline h3,
.pi-experience-compact h3 {
  letter-spacing: -0.018em;
}

/* PI name: give English/Korean names a deliberate visual pause. */
.pi-heading h2 {
  display: flex;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  align-items: baseline;
  column-gap: 11px;
  row-gap: 4px;
  margin: 0 0 6px;
  font-size: 28px;
  line-height: 1.24;
  letter-spacing: -0.018em;
}
.pi-heading h2 .name-ko {
  margin-left: 0;
  font-size: .60em;
  font-weight: 500;
  letter-spacing: -0.008em;
}
.profile-role {
  letter-spacing: -0.005em;
}

/* Student and intern names were already balanced; only add a touch of breathing room. */
.person-card strong {
  letter-spacing: -0.008em;
  line-height: 1.58;
}
.person-card .name-ko {
  margin-left: 7px;
  letter-spacing: -0.004em;
}
.person-card small {
  letter-spacing: 0;
}

/* Body copy and information rows. */
.intro-copy p,
.about-copy p,
.contact-simple p,
.contact-meta p,
.page-hero p,
.meta-grid,
.timeline-row,
.news-page-item p,
.pub-item p,
.coming-soon p,
.profile-summary {
  letter-spacing: -0.002em;
}
.meta-grid {
  line-height: 1.72;
}
.timeline-row strong {
  letter-spacing: -0.003em;
  line-height: 1.6;
}

/* News and publication titles need a little more room, especially for long Korean titles. */
.news-title {
  letter-spacing: -0.012em;
  line-height: 1.52;
}
.news-page-item h2 {
  letter-spacing: -0.014em;
  line-height: 1.52;
}
.pub-item h3,
.pub-item.grouped-item h3 {
  letter-spacing: -0.012em;
  line-height: 1.52;
}
.news-people,
.news-page-item .news-members,
.publication-legend,
.pub-ack {
  letter-spacing: -0.002em;
}

/* Mobile typography: avoid cramped wrapping on narrow screens. */
@media (max-width:560px) {
  .pi-heading h2 {
    column-gap: 9px;
    font-size: 26px;
    line-height: 1.28;
  }
  .page-title {
    letter-spacing: -0.035em;
  }
  .home-intro h1 {
    letter-spacing: -0.038em;
  }
  .news-title,
  .news-page-item h2,
  .pub-item h3,
  .pub-item.grouped-item h3 {
    letter-spacing: -0.008em;
  }
}

/* 2026-08-20 v4: clearer year grouping for publications on narrow screens */
@media (max-width:560px) {
  .pub-year-heading {
    padding-bottom: 8px;
  }

  .pub-list.grouped {
    margin-left: 10px;
    padding-left: 14px;
    border-left: 2px solid var(--line);
  }

  .pub-item.grouped-item {
    padding: 16px 0 18px;
  }
}


/* 2026-08-20 v5: stronger home hierarchy and more readable dates */
/* Main hero initials: use KNU orange for stronger visual focus. */
.home-intro h1 .initial-blue {
  color: var(--knu-orange);
}

/* Home section labels: slightly larger while keeping the compact uppercase style. */
.home-intro .eyebrow,
.home-news .eyebrow,
.contact-strip > .container > .eyebrow {
  font-size: 13px;
  letter-spacing: .105em;
  line-height: 1.45;
}
.home-intro .eyebrow::before,
.home-news .eyebrow::before,
.contact-strip > .container > .eyebrow::before {
  width: 26px;
}

/* Korean intro copy: clearer rhythm and intentional comma-based line breaks. */
.intro-copy {
  max-width: 610px;
}
.intro-copy p {
  margin-bottom: 16px;
  font-size: 16px;
  line-height: 1.82;
  word-break: keep-all;
  overflow-wrap: break-word;
}
.intro-copy .lead {
  font-size: 19px;
  line-height: 1.72;
  letter-spacing: -0.012em;
}

/* Dates across news and timeline UI should not disappear visually. */
.news-date,
.news-page-item time {
  font-size: 14px;
  font-weight: 650;
  line-height: 1.45;
  letter-spacing: .005em;
}
.timeline-row span {
  font-size: 13px;
}

@media (max-width: 860px) {
  .home-intro .eyebrow,
  .home-news .eyebrow,
  .contact-strip > .container > .eyebrow {
    font-size: 12.5px;
  }
  .intro-copy p {
    font-size: 15.5px;
    line-height: 1.78;
  }
  .intro-copy .lead {
    font-size: 17.5px;
    line-height: 1.72;
  }
  .news-date,
  .news-page-item time {
    font-size: 13.5px;
  }
}

@media (max-width: 560px) {
  .intro-copy p br {
    display: block;
  }
  .intro-copy .lead {
    font-size: 17px;
  }
}

/* Keep compact experience-year labels readable as well. */
.compact-timeline .timeline-row span {
  font-size: 12.5px;
  line-height: 1.5;
}


/* 2026-08-20 v6: simplified home hero and icon-based update labels */
/* Top-left DI wordmark follows the stronger orange accent used on the home hero. */
.brand-di {
  color: var(--knu-orange);
}

/* With the small home kicker removed, place the title comfortably toward the center. */
.home-title-block {
  justify-self: center;
  width: max-content;
}
.home-title-block h1 {
  margin-top: 0;
}

/* Home update type is conveyed with a compact, immediately recognizable icon. */
.home-news .news-tag {
  display: inline-grid;
  place-items: center;
  min-width: 32px;
  padding: 0;
  border: 0;
  border-radius: 0;
  color: inherit;
  font-size: 21px;
  line-height: 1;
  letter-spacing: 0;
  background: transparent;
}

@media (max-width: 860px) {
  .home-title-block {
    justify-self: start;
    width: auto;
  }
}

@media (max-width: 560px) {
  /* Override the older mobile rule that hid textual badges; icon labels stay visible. */
  .home-news .news-tag {
    display: inline-grid;
    font-size: 20px;
  }
}


/* 2026-08-20 v7: balanced hero, unified subpage headers, PI details, contact page */
/* Home hero: slightly smaller title with equal vertical breathing room. */
.home-intro-grid {
  min-height: 390px;
  padding: 52px 0;
  align-items: center;
}
.home-intro h1 {
  font-size: clamp(54px, 6.35vw, 84px);
}
.home-title-block {
  align-self: center;
}
.intro-copy p br {
  display: block;
  content: "";
  margin: 0;
}

/* Monochrome outline icons for home updates. */
.home-news .news-tag.news-icon {
  width: 31px;
  height: 31px;
  display: inline-grid;
  place-items: center;
  color: #4b5158;
}
.home-news .news-tag.news-icon svg {
  width: 25px;
  height: 25px;
  display: block;
  fill: none;
  stroke: currentColor;
  stroke-width: 1.65;
  stroke-linecap: round;
  stroke-linejoin: round;
}

/* Subpage title system: one confident orange underline, no competing gray divider. */
.page-hero.page-hero-minimal {
  padding: 50px 0 28px;
  border-bottom: 0;
  background: #fff;
}
.page-hero-minimal .page-title {
  display: inline-block;
  margin: 0;
}
.page-hero-minimal .page-title::after {
  content: "";
  display: block;
  width: 72px;
  height: 3px;
  margin-top: 17px;
  background: var(--knu-orange);
}
.page-section {
  padding-top: 40px;
}

/* PI section: profile and career share one visual language. */
.pi-compact {
  max-width: 860px;
  padding: 0 0 30px;
  border-bottom: 0;
}
.pi-heading {
  margin-bottom: 18px;
}
.profile-role {
  color: var(--muted);
  font-size: 13px;
  font-weight: 650;
  line-height: 1.5;
  margin: 0;
}
.pi-info-list {
  border-top: 1px solid var(--line);
}
.pi-info-row {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: 108px 1fr;
  gap: 18px;
  padding: 12px 0;
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line);
  color: #454d55;
  font-size: 13px;
  line-height: 1.65;
}
.pi-info-label {
  color: var(--muted);
  font-weight: 650;
}
.pi-career-list {
  display: grid;
  gap: 8px;
}
.pi-career-item {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: 104px 1fr;
  gap: 12px;
  align-items: baseline;
}
.pi-career-year {
  color: var(--muted);
  font-size: 12.5px;
  font-weight: 500;
}
.pi-career-item strong {
  color: var(--ink);
  font-size: 12.5px;
  font-weight: 680;
}
/* Student Korean names now match the PI Korean-name treatment. */
.person-card .name-ko {
  color: var(--ink);
  font-weight: 500;
}

/* Contact lives on its own page. */
.contact-page-grid {
  margin-top: 0;
  align-items: start;
}
.contact-page .contact-simple p {
  font-size: 15px;
  line-height: 1.85;
  color: #4f5760;
}

@media (max-width: 860px) {
  .home-intro-grid {
    padding: 44px 0;
  }
  .home-intro h1 {
    font-size: clamp(48px, 13vw, 70px);
  }
  .page-hero.page-hero-minimal {
    padding: 40px 0 24px;
  }
  .page-hero-minimal .page-title::after {
    width: 62px;
    margin-top: 14px;
  }
  .page-section {
    padding-top: 34px;
  }
}

@media (max-width: 560px) {
  .home-intro-grid {
    padding: 38px 0;
  }
  .home-intro h1 {
    font-size: 47px;
  }
  .pi-info-row {
    grid-template-columns: 1fr;
    gap: 3px;
    padding: 11px 0;
  }
  .pi-career-item {
    grid-template-columns: 96px 1fr;
    gap: 10px;
  }
  .home-news .news-tag.news-icon {
    display: inline-grid;
    width: 28px;
    height: 28px;
  }
  .home-news .news-tag.news-icon svg {
    width: 23px;
    height: 23px;
  }
}


/* 2026-08-20 v8: requested home news, PI, news-member, and contact refinements */
/* Home News hierarchy: News first, supporting line below. No kicker bar or right-side icons. */
.home-news-heading {
  margin-bottom: 30px;
}
.home-news-heading h2 {
  margin: 0 0 14px;
  font-size: clamp(36px, 4vw, 50px);
  line-height: 1;
  letter-spacing: -0.035em;
}
.home-news-subhead {
  display: flex;
  align-items: baseline;
  justify-content: space-between;
  gap: 24px;
}
.home-news-subtitle {
  color: #69717a;
  font-size: 14px;
  font-weight: 700;
  line-height: 1.4;
  letter-spacing: .035em;
  text-transform: uppercase;
}
.home-news .news-item {
  grid-template-columns: 130px 1fr;
}
.home-news .news-tag,
.home-news .news-icon {
  display: none !important;
}

/* PI: full container width, two clearly separated columns with one shared row language. */
.pi-compact.pi-wide {
  max-width: none;
  width: 100%;
  padding-bottom: 34px;
}
.pi-compact.pi-wide .pi-heading {
  margin-bottom: 22px;
}
.pi-compact.pi-wide .pi-heading h2 {
  font-size: 31px;
  line-height: 1.25;
}
.pi-compact.pi-wide .profile-role {
  margin-top: 7px;
  color: var(--muted);
  font-size: 14px;
  font-weight: 400;
}
.pi-details.pi-details-refined {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr) minmax(0, 1fr);
  gap: 42px;
  width: 100%;
}
.pi-panel {
  border-top: 1px solid #cfd5dc;
}
.pi-panel-row {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: 118px minmax(0, 1fr);
  gap: 18px;
  align-items: baseline;
  min-height: 52px;
  padding: 14px 0;
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line);
  color: #3f474f;
  font-size: 14px;
  line-height: 1.62;
}
.pi-panel-label {
  color: var(--muted);
  font-size: 13.5px;
  font-weight: 500;
}
.pi-experience-panel .pi-panel-row {
  grid-template-columns: 118px minmax(0, 1fr);
}
.pi-experience-panel .pi-panel-row > div {
  color: var(--ink);
  font-weight: 600;
}

/* Student names: Korean part follows the PI Korean-name weight/color. */
.person-card .name-ko {
  color: #747b83;
  font-weight: 500;
  font-size: .82em;
  letter-spacing: -0.008em;
}
.person-card small {
  color: var(--muted);
  font-size: 13.5px;
  font-weight: 400;
}
.person-card strong {
  font-size: 17px;
}

/* DI Lab label uses the same tone as the member names; only the words DI Lab are bold. */
.news-members .lab-label,
.news-people .lab-label {
  color: inherit;
  font-weight: 700;
}

/* Contact address is intentionally larger for desktop readability. */
.contact-page .contact-simple p {
  font-size: 18px;
  line-height: 1.9;
  color: #404850;
  font-weight: 450;
}

@media (max-width: 860px) {
  .home-news .news-item {
    grid-template-columns: 1fr;
  }
  .home-news-subhead {
    gap: 18px;
  }
  .pi-details.pi-details-refined {
    grid-template-columns: 1fr;
    gap: 26px;
  }
  .pi-compact.pi-wide .pi-heading h2 {
    font-size: 29px;
  }
  .contact-page .contact-simple p {
    font-size: 17px;
  }
}

@media (max-width: 560px) {
  .home-news-heading h2 {
    font-size: 38px;
    margin-bottom: 12px;
  }
  .home-news-subtitle,
  .home-news-subhead .text-link {
    font-size: 12.5px;
  }
  .pi-panel-row,
  .pi-experience-panel .pi-panel-row {
    grid-template-columns: 1fr;
    gap: 4px;
    min-height: 0;
    padding: 12px 0;
  }
  .person-card strong {
    font-size: 16.5px;
  }
}

/* 2026-08-20 v9: restore reference hero proportions, refine home-news subhead, restore classic PI table */
/* Home intro: match the proportions/placement of the supplied reference index while keeping current colors. */
.home-intro-grid {
  min-height: 400px;
  padding: 56px 0 50px;
  grid-template-columns: 1.08fr .92fr;
  gap: 68px;
  align-items: center;
}
.home-title-block {
  justify-self: start;
  width: auto;
}
.home-title-block h1,
.home-intro h1 {
  margin: 18px 0 0;
  font-size: clamp(58px, 7vw, 92px);
  line-height: .92;
}
/* Copy size follows the supplied reference; content/line break structure remains current. */
.intro-copy p {
  font-size: 16px;
  line-height: 1.82;
}
.intro-copy .lead {
  font-size: 19px;
  line-height: 1.72;
}

/* Latest updates: same typography/color as Publications' International kicker, with a little more air below News. */
.home-news-heading h2 {
  margin-bottom: 0;
}
.home-news-subhead {
  margin-top: 22px;
  align-items: center;
}
.home-news-subtitle {
  margin: 0;
  color: var(--knu-blue);
  font-size: 12px;
  font-weight: 850;
  line-height: 1.4;
  letter-spacing: .09em;
  text-transform: uppercase;
}
.home-news-subhead .text-link {
  align-self: center;
}

/* PI details: classic v6-style split, but retain current readable type scale. */
.pi-details.pi-details-classic {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr) minmax(0, 1fr);
  gap: 42px;
  align-items: start;
  width: 100%;
}
.pi-details-classic .pi-meta {
  grid-template-columns: 104px minmax(0, 1fr);
  gap: 10px 18px;
  margin: 0;
  font-size: 14px;
  line-height: 1.65;
}
.pi-details-classic .pi-meta dt {
  color: var(--muted);
  font-size: 13.5px;
  font-weight: 500;
}
.pi-details-classic .pi-meta dd {
  color: #3f474f;
  margin: 0;
}
.pi-details-classic .pi-experience-compact h3 {
  margin: 0 0 12px;
  font-size: 16px;
  line-height: 1.35;
  letter-spacing: -0.018em;
}
.pi-details-classic .compact-timeline .timeline-row {
  grid-template-columns: 118px minmax(0, 1fr);
  gap: 18px;
  padding: 12px 0;
}
.pi-details-classic .compact-timeline .timeline-row span {
  font-size: 13.5px;
  font-weight: 500;
}
.pi-details-classic .compact-timeline .timeline-row strong {
  font-size: 14px;
  font-weight: 600;
  line-height: 1.62;
}

@media (max-width: 860px) {
  .home-intro-grid {
    min-height: auto;
    padding: 54px 0 44px;
    grid-template-columns: 1fr;
    gap: 34px;
  }
  .home-title-block {
    justify-self: start;
  }
  .home-title-block h1,
  .home-intro h1 {
    margin-top: 0;
    font-size: clamp(52px, 15vw, 80px);
  }
  .intro-copy p {
    font-size: 15.5px;
    line-height: 1.78;
  }
  .intro-copy .lead {
    font-size: 17.5px;
    line-height: 1.72;
  }
  .pi-details.pi-details-classic {
    grid-template-columns: 1fr;
    gap: 26px;
  }
}

@media (max-width: 560px) {
  .home-intro-grid {
    padding: 46px 0 38px;
  }
  .home-title-block h1,
  .home-intro h1 {
    font-size: 50px;
  }
  .intro-copy .lead {
    font-size: 17px;
  }
  .home-news-subhead {
    margin-top: 18px;
  }
  .home-news-subtitle {
    font-size: 12px;
  }
  .pi-details-classic .pi-meta {
    grid-template-columns: 1fr;
    gap: 3px;
  }
  .pi-details-classic .pi-meta dt:not(:first-child) {
    margin-top: 8px;
  }
  .pi-details-classic .compact-timeline .timeline-row {
    grid-template-columns: 1fr;
    gap: 4px;
  }
}

/* 2026-08-20 v10: simplified page titles and refined home intro/news spacing */
/* Remove the orange underline from all standalone page titles. */
.page-hero-minimal .page-title::after {
  content: none;
  display: none;
}

/* Slightly smaller Korean introduction copy on Home. */
.intro-copy p {
  font-size: 14.5px;
  line-height: 1.78;
}
.intro-copy .lead {
  font-size: 17px;
  line-height: 1.68;
}

/* Home News: give News more separation from the supporting label,
   while placing the supporting row closer to the list divider. */
.home-news-heading {
  margin-bottom: 18px;
}
.home-news-heading h2 {
  margin-bottom: 0;
}
.home-news-subhead {
  margin-top: 30px;
  align-items: baseline;
}
.home-news-subtitle {
  color: var(--knu-blue);
  font-size: 12px;
  font-weight: 850;
  line-height: 1.4;
  letter-spacing: .09em;
  text-transform: uppercase;
}
.home-news-subhead .text-link {
  color: var(--knu-blue);
  font-size: 12px;
  font-weight: 800;
  line-height: 1.4;
  letter-spacing: 0;
  text-transform: none;
  align-self: baseline;
}

@media (max-width: 860px) {
  .intro-copy p {
    font-size: 14px;
    line-height: 1.76;
  }
  .intro-copy .lead {
    font-size: 16px;
    line-height: 1.68;
  }
  .home-news-subhead {
    margin-top: 26px;
  }
}

@media (max-width: 560px) {
  .intro-copy p {
    font-size: 13.5px;
  }
  .intro-copy .lead {
    font-size: 15.5px;
  }
  .home-news-heading {
    margin-bottom: 16px;
  }
  .home-news-subhead {
    margin-top: 24px;
  }
  .home-news-subtitle,
  .home-news-subhead .text-link {
    font-size: 12px;
  }
}


/* 2026-08-20 v11: home copy alignment and People section hierarchy */
/* Home introduction: fuller text block with a very small type increase. */
.intro-copy p {
  font-size: 15px;
  line-height: 1.8;
  text-align: justify;
  text-justify: inter-word;
  word-break: keep-all;
}
.intro-copy .lead {
  font-size: 17.5px;
  line-height: 1.7;
  text-align: justify;
  text-justify: inter-word;
  word-break: keep-all;
}

/* Keep the two supporting News controls visually paired. */
.home-news-subtitle,
.home-news-subhead .text-link {
  font-size: 12px;
  line-height: 1.4;
}
.home-news-subhead {
  align-items: baseline;
}

/* People: Professor / Students / Interns share one clear blue hierarchy. */
.people-section-title,
.people-group h3.people-section-title {
  color: var(--knu-blue);
  font-weight: 850;
}
.section-kicker.people-section-title {
  font-size: 12px;
  letter-spacing: .12em;
  text-transform: uppercase;
}
.people-group h3.people-section-title {
  font-size: 23px;
  letter-spacing: -.035em;
}

@media (max-width: 860px) {
  .intro-copy p {
    font-size: 14.5px;
    line-height: 1.78;
  }
  .intro-copy .lead {
    font-size: 16.5px;
    line-height: 1.7;
  }
}

@media (max-width: 560px) {
  .intro-copy p {
    font-size: 14px;
  }
  .intro-copy .lead {
    font-size: 16px;
  }
  .home-news-subtitle,
  .home-news-subhead .text-link {
    font-size: 12px;
  }
}

/* 2026-08-20 v12: restore v3 Home intro typography; unify People group headings */
/* Home description follows the v3 typography. The final sentence stays in the same paragraph
   and is separated only by the explicit line break in index.html. */
.intro-copy p {
  margin: 0 0 14px;
  color: #525a63;
  font-size: 15px;
  line-height: 1.72;
  letter-spacing: -0.002em;
  text-align: left;
  text-justify: auto;
  word-break: normal;
}
.intro-copy .lead {
  color: var(--ink);
  font-size: 18px;
  line-height: 1.6;
  font-weight: 650;
  letter-spacing: -0.018em;
  text-align: left;
  text-justify: auto;
  word-break: normal;
}

/* Professor / Students / Interns use the same section-heading treatment. */
.people-section-title,
.people-group h3.people-section-title,
.people-professor-title {
  margin: 0 0 18px;
  color: var(--knu-blue);
  font-size: 23px;
  line-height: 1.25;
  font-weight: 850;
  letter-spacing: -0.035em;
  text-transform: none;
}

@media (max-width: 860px) {
  .intro-copy p {
    font-size: 15px;
    line-height: 1.72;
  }
  .intro-copy .lead {
    font-size: 18px;
    line-height: 1.6;
  }
}

@media (max-width: 560px) {
  .intro-copy .lead {
    font-size: 16px;
  }
}


/* v14: centered KNU logo footer on every page */
.site-logo-footer {
  display: flex;
  justify-content: center;
  align-items: center;
  padding: 46px 20px 34px;
  background: #fff;
}
.knu-footer-logo {
  display: block;
  width: 126px;
  height: auto;
}
@media (max-width: 560px) {
  .site-logo-footer {
    padding: 36px 16px 28px;
  }
  .knu-footer-logo {
    width: 108px;
  }
}


/* v15: smaller centered KNU footer mark */
.knu-footer-logo {
  width: 82px;
}
@media (max-width: 560px) {
  .knu-footer-logo {
    width: 74px;
  }
}

/* 2026-08-21 v16: Publications section color + transient nav hover state */
/* Publications only: use KNU orange for the International / Domestic labels. */
.publication-section > .section-kicker {
  color: var(--knu-orange);
}

/* Keep the current page highlighted by default. When another nav item is
   actually hovered, temporarily hand the blue text + orange underline to it. */
@media (hover: hover) and (pointer: fine) {
  .nav:has(a:hover) a.active:not(:hover) {
    color: #555d66;
  }

  .nav:has(a:hover) a.active:not(:hover)::after {
    transform: scaleX(0);
  }

  .nav a:hover {
    color: var(--knu-blue-dark);
  }

  .nav a:hover::after {
    transform: scaleX(1);
  }
}

/* 2026-08-21 v17: People section labels + professor panel */
/* Match Publications' International/Domestic section-label treatment. */
.people-section-title,
.people-group h3.people-section-title,
.people-professor-title {
  margin: 0 0 18px;
  color: var(--knu-orange);
  font-size: 12px;
  line-height: 1.4;
  font-weight: 850;
  letter-spacing: .09em;
  text-transform: uppercase;
}

/* Give the professor profile the same soft-gray visual field used by Home News,
   so it reads as one distinct block before the student cards. */
.pi-compact.pi-wide {
  max-width: none;
  width: 100%;
  padding: 30px 32px 32px;
  margin: 0;
  background: var(--soft);
  border: 0;
}

.pi-details.pi-details-classic {
  gap: 48px;
}

@media (max-width: 860px) {
  .pi-compact.pi-wide {
    padding: 26px 24px 28px;
  }
}

@media (max-width: 560px) {
  .pi-compact.pi-wide {
    padding: 22px 18px 24px;
  }
}


/* 2026-08-21 v18: restore People section headings and balance PI columns */
/* Professor / Students / Interns return to the v16 blue section-heading style. */
.people-section-title,
.people-group h3.people-section-title,
.people-professor-title {
  margin: 0 0 18px;
  color: var(--knu-blue);
  font-size: 23px;
  line-height: 1.25;
  font-weight: 850;
  letter-spacing: -0.035em;
  text-transform: none;
}

/* Left Profile and right Experience now use matching grouping language. */
.pi-profile-compact h3,
.pi-details-classic .pi-experience-compact h3 {
  margin: 0 0 12px;
  color: var(--ink);
  font-size: 16px;
  line-height: 1.35;
  font-weight: 700;
  letter-spacing: -0.018em;
}

.pi-profile-compact .pi-info-list {
  border-top: 1px solid var(--line);
}

.pi-profile-compact .pi-info-row {
  grid-template-columns: 104px minmax(0, 1fr);
  gap: 18px;
  padding: 12px 0;
  font-size: 14px;
  line-height: 1.62;
}

.pi-profile-compact .pi-info-label {
  color: var(--muted);
  font-size: 13.5px;
  font-weight: 500;
}

.pi-profile-compact .pi-info-row > span:last-child,
.pi-profile-compact .pi-info-row a {
  color: #3f474f;
}

@media (max-width: 560px) {
  .people-section-title,
  .people-group h3.people-section-title,
  .people-professor-title {
    font-size: 21px;
  }
  .pi-profile-compact .pi-info-row {
    grid-template-columns: 1fr;
    gap: 4px;
  }
}

/* 2026-08-21 v19: Publications section headings match People section headings */
.publication-section > .section-kicker {
  margin: 0 0 18px;
  color: var(--knu-blue);
  font-size: 23px;
  line-height: 1.25;
  font-weight: 850;
  letter-spacing: -0.035em;
  text-transform: none;
}

@media (max-width: 560px) {
  .publication-section > .section-kicker {
    font-size: 21px;
  }
}

/* v20: Experience entries use regular weight. */
.pi-details-classic .compact-timeline .timeline-row .timeline-job {
  color: #3f474f;
  font-size: 14px;
  font-weight: 400;
  line-height: 1.62;
  letter-spacing: -0.003em;
}

/* 2026-08-21 v21: match Latest updates typography to View all news */
.home-news-subtitle {
  color: var(--knu-blue);
  font-size: 12px;
  font-weight: 800;
  line-height: 1.4;
  letter-spacing: 0;
  text-transform: none;
  font-family: inherit;
}

@media (max-width: 560px) {
  .home-news-subtitle {
    font-size: 12px;
  }
}

/* 2026-08-21 v22: slightly larger top-left DI Lab brand */
@media (min-width:861px) {
  .brand { font-size:30px; }
  .brand-sub { font-size:12px; }
}

@media (max-width:860px) {
  .brand { font-size:27px; }
}

/* v23: brand size +10% */
@media (min-width:861px) {
  .brand { font-size:31px; }
  .brand-sub { font-size:12px; }
}
@media (max-width:860px) {
  .brand { font-size:28px; }
}

/* 2026-08-21 v24: more breathing room between PI name and Profile on phones. */
@media (max-width: 560px) {
  .pi-compact.pi-wide .pi-heading {
    margin-bottom: 34px;
  }
}

/* 2026-08-21 v25: Home News controls match People Profile heading size. */
.home-news-subtitle,
.home-news-subhead .text-link {
  font-size: 16px;
}

@media (max-width: 560px) {
  .home-news-subtitle,
  .home-news-subhead .text-link {
    font-size: 16px;
  }
}


/* 2026-08-21 v26: refreshed Home introduction and spacing refinements. */
.home-news-subhead {
  margin-top: 38px;
}

/* Give the PI English/Korean name spacing closer to the student-name rhythm. */
.pi-heading h2 {
  column-gap: 18px;
}

@media (max-width: 860px) {
  .home-news-subhead {
    margin-top: 34px;
  }
}

@media (max-width: 560px) {
  .pi-heading h2 {
    column-gap: 15px;
  }
}

/* 2026-08-21 v28: keep the Korean intro headline on one line on larger screens
   and shift the whole intro copy slightly left for better balance. */
@media (min-width: 981px) {
  .home-intro-grid {
    grid-template-columns: .95fr 1.05fr;
    gap: 44px;
  }

  .intro-copy {
    padding-left: 22px;
  }

  .intro-copy .lead {
    white-space: nowrap;
  }
}

/* Use the full content width on small laptops/tablets so the headline can remain intact. */
@media (min-width: 861px) and (max-width: 980px) {
  .home-intro-grid {
    min-height: auto;
    grid-template-columns: 1fr;
    gap: 34px;
  }

  .intro-copy {
    padding: 24px 0 0;
    border-left: 0;
    border-top: 1px solid var(--line);
  }

  .intro-copy .lead {
    white-space: nowrap;
  }
}

/* On phone-width screens, preserve readable type rather than forcing an overly tiny line. */
@media (max-width: 560px) {
  .intro-copy .lead {
    white-space: normal;
  }
}

/* 2026-08-21 v30: desktop hero alignment + consistent animated link arrows */
/* Desktop only: center the longest title line ("Intelligence") in the space
   to the left of the Korean-copy divider. Mobile/tablet placement is unchanged. */
@media (min-width: 981px) {
  .home-title-block {
    justify-self: center;
    transform: translateX(22px); /* half of the 44px desktop grid gap */
  }
}

/* Publications / News arrows use the same small hover motion as Home's View all news arrow. */
.pub-link,
.news-source {
  display: inline-flex;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 6px;
  text-decoration: none;
}

.pub-link .link-arrow,
.news-source .link-arrow {
  display: inline-block;
  transition: transform .18s ease;
}

.pub-link:hover .link-arrow,
.news-source:hover .link-arrow {
  transform: translateX(3px);
}

/* Keep the news-source text clean on hover; only the arrow moves. */
.news-source:hover {
  text-decoration: none;
}

/* 2026-08-21 v31: PC-only vertical hero alignment.
   Align the visual center of the "Intelligence" line with the midpoint
   of the Korean-copy divider. Mobile/tablet remain unchanged. */
@media (min-width: 981px) {
  .home-title-block {
    transform: translate(22px, -35px);
  }
}

/* 2026-08-21 v32: restore the Home title block to its pre-offset position.
   On desktop, let the grid's align-items:center align the middle title line
   (Intelligence) with the midpoint of the Korean-copy vertical divider.
   This removes the v30/v31 manual x/y translations; mobile/tablet are unchanged. */
@media (min-width: 981px) {
  .home-title-block {
    justify-self: stretch;
    transform: none;
  }
}